Journal of Medieval Military His

Journal of Medieval Military History Style Guide

Speculum Style:

Most of the prescriptions that follow are concerned with citation style. For matters not discussed here, authors should refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. (Chicago, 1993).

CITATION PRACTICE IN BRIEF

The author is responsible for the accuracy of quotations and citations, which should be verified before the manuscript is submitted.

The guiding principle for citations is maximum clarity for the reader rather than brevity. When in doubt, the author should err on the side of providing more rather than less information.

Arabic numerals are to be used for volume, part, and section numbers. This is true for journal volume numbers, for volume numbers and other subdivisions in a series, and for volume numbers in a multivolume work. It is also true for the subdivisions of classical and medieval texts.

Roman numerals are retained when the original work uses them for page numbers. They are also retained for manuscript shelfmarks, where as much as possible the usage of the library should be followed.

Primary sources

Models for the citation of classical and medieval works are the following:

1. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, ed. Modern Editor (City, 1990), p. 135.

2. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, ed. Editor, p. 135.

3. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1.

4. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, line 5.

5. Medieval Author, Opus 2.4.1, p. 135.

6. Matt. 5.21; 1 Cor. 2.12.

Note 1 is a standard first citation. The subdivisions of the medieval work follow the title without intervening punctuation, in descending order, separated by periods. For example, Opus is divided into books, sections, and chapters, and the sample citation should be read as book 2, section 4, chapter 1.

Once the edition of a work has been provided in the first citation, subsequent references are shortened as in note 2, or even more as in notes 3, 4, or 5. The nature of the work and its editorial history will determine which version is required.

Note 6 shows standard biblical citations, which likewise use periods as the divider between subdivisions, in this instance between chapter and verse. If the reader might have difficulty deciphering this system as it applies to a given work, the reference should be spelled out in full.

Secondary works

Models for the citation of secondary works are the following:

7. John Doe, Book Title (City, 1995), pp. 27-31.

8. Jane Smith, "Article Title," Journal 24 (1992), 2-14.

9. Doe, Short Title, p. 76; Smith, "Short Title," p. 9.

The abbreviations "p." and "pp." are almost always used with page references to modern printed works. The most notable exception is full citations of journal articles, where the convention of providing in sequence the volume number, publication date, and page numbers is so well established that further specification is unnecessary. Provide inclusive pages rather than "f." or "ff."

BOOK CITATIONS

Authors' names should be cited as they appear on the title page. Do not abbreviate given names to initials.

Publishers should be omitted; the parentheses should include only the place and date of publication (and reprint information, where applicable). If the publisher lists more than one location, it is usually sufficient to cite only the first location in the list. The conventional English form of place-names should be given ("Turin," not "Torino"; "Munich," not "München"), with the addition of the country or state if required ("Cambridge, Mass.," or "Cambridge, Eng.").

Simplest form

Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted (New York, 1994), pp. 18-19, 92-93, and 118-19.

Later editions and reprints

Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042-1216, 4th ed. (London, 1988), pp. 224-26.

Charles H. Beeson, A Primer of Medieval Latin: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry (1925; repr. Washington, D.C., 1986), pp. 25-27.

Multiple volumes

Max Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, 3 vols. (Munich, 1911-31), 1:78. [The citation is to volume 1, page 78. The following citation is equally correct.] Max Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, 1 (Munich, 1911), p. 78.

Monographs in a series

Arno Borst, Die Katharer, Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica 12 (Stuttgart, 1953), pp. 112-15. [Series information is sometimes essential for locating books and ought to be included in such cases, but the editor(s) of series can usually be omitted.]

Edited or translated works

Hildegard of Bingen, The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, 1, trans. Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman (New York, 1994), pp. 34-35. [Here the abbreviation "trans." means "translated by" and does not change when there is more than one translator.]

Emil Friedberg, ed., Corpus iuris canonici, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1879-81), 2:lxiv. [Here the abbreviation "ed." means "editor"; the plural is "eds."]

Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, trans. Jane Dunnet (Chicago, 1994), pp. vii and 25.

Foreign titles

Follow the prevailing rules for the given language in the capitalization of foreign titles. In Latin titles capitalize only the first word, proper nouns, and proper adjectives. In French, Italian, and Spanish titles capitalize only the first word and proper nouns.

Titles in languages other than classical and medieval Latin and Greek, French, Italian, German, and Spanish may be translated. The translation follows the title in square brackets and is not italicized; only the first word and proper nouns and adjectives are capitalized.

Boris Por‰nev, Feodalism i narodnye massy [Feudalism and the masses] (Moscow, 1964), pp. 22-50.

Subsequent references

Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals, p. 97.

Use short titles rather than "op. cit." Use "ibid." only when there is a long series of notes referring to the same work, making short titles otiose.

If there is a considerable gap between the first reference and the next citation, it is a help to the reader to use this form:

Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals (see above, n. 5), p. 97.

If the work by Reynolds is cited frequently throughout the article, the first reference may include the indication "hereafter cited as Reynolds." Then subsequent references take the form "Reynolds, p. 97."

ARTICLES

Do not abbreviate journal titles. One of few exceptions is PMLA, where the abbreviation has become the main title of the journal.

Anna Carlotta Dionisotti, "On Bede, Grammars, and Greek," Revue bénédictine 92 (1982), 129.

Anne Walters Robertson, "The Mass of Guillaume de Machaut in the Cathedral of Reims," in Plainsong in the Age of Polyphony, ed. Thomas Forest Kelly, Cambridge Studies in Performance Practice 2 (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), pp. 100-139.

Robert Bourgeois, "La théorie de la connaissance intellectuelle chez Henri de Gand," Revue de philosophie, n.s. 6 (1936), 238-59.

Subsequent references

Dionisotti, "On Bede," p. 129.

MANUSCRIPTS

Both in the text and in the notes the abbreviation "MS" (plural "MSS") is used only when it precedes a shelfmark. Cite the shelfmark according to the practice of the given library. Folio numbers should include a recto/verso reference, abbreviated and written on the line, not as a superscript. The abbreviation of "folio" is "fol." (plural "fols.").

The first, full reference to a manuscript should give the place-name, the name of the library, and the shelfmark:

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 4117, fols. 108v-145r.

Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. lat. 6055, fols. 151r-228v.

Subsequent references

BnF lat. 4117, fol. 108r. [If the context allows, "lat. 4117" may be sufficient.]

Vat. lat. 6055, fol. 151r.

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL WORKS, INCLUDING THE BIBLE

The system of citation used in the following examples is explained above under "Citation Practice in Brief." For canonical collections, registers, etc., the prevailing abbreviations and style of citation should be used.

Bede, Historia ecclesiastica 2.3, ed. and trans. Bertram Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1969), p. 142.

Prov. 2.5 [Do not italicize books of the Bible. Use a period rather than a colon between chapter and verse.]

Subsequent references

Bede, Historia ecclesiastica 2.3, p. 142.

Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae 12.1.59. [Page numbers of the edition are often not required.]

SERIES

Series titles and abbreviations thereof are not italicized. Many series are familiar enough to allow the use of standard abbreviations, and it is often permissible to eliminate the name of the editor and the place and date of publication. If in doubt, use the full title. The volume number and page number are separated by a colon, with no space between the elements.

PL 123:347.

MGH SS 13:229.

If the series is subdivided

MGH LL 2/1:263. [Section 2, volume 1, page 263.]

Full citation of an edited work in a series

Alcuin, Vita Willibrordi, ed. Wilhelm Levison, MGH SSrerMerov 7 (1920), pp. 113-41.

OTHER MATTERS

1. References to modern authors. The first mention of a modern author in the text should include the given name (or initials, if that is the author's preferred form).

2. Notes. Notes should be succinct and should be confined to material necessary to support assertions in the text. They will ordinarily be printed as footnotes. However, some citations may be inserted in parentheses in the text, and in certain cases it may be preferable to use a bibliography and citations in author-date style, either in parentheses in the text or in footnotes or both. Footnotes should be avoided in reviews.

3. Abbreviations. The period should not be omitted after abbreviations. French place-names containing "Saint" are normally spelled out, and the hyphen is essential: "Saint-Denis."

4. Italics and quotation marks. Isolated words and phrases in foreign languages should be underscored. Direct quotations of texts in foreign languages should be placed in quotation marks. Quotations longer than ten typed lines should be treated as block quotations (typed double-spaced and indented, without quotation marks).

Single quotation marks are reserved for quotations within quotations and for definitions in a linguistic context:

Estrusia might be associated with extrusis 'pushed out, thrust forth'.

Note that punctuation is placed outside the single quotation marks used for definitions.

5. Scholarly reference words. Words and abbreviations such as "et al.," "ibid." "idem," "passim," "e.g.," "i.e.," and "ca." should not be italicized. The only exception is "[sic]." Note that "cf." means "compare" and should not be used when "see" or "see also" is the accurate expression.

6. Dates. The correct form is "1390s," not "1390's" or spelled out. Centuries should be spelled out; the adjectival form requires a hyphen, as in "twelfth-century manuscript."

7. Capitalization. "Middle Ages" is capitalized, but "medieval" is not. On religious names and terms see the Chicago Manual, pp. 265-72. "Church" is generally lowercased, unless it is part of the official name of a denomination or building, or unless it refers to the universal Church. "Bible" is capitalized, but "biblical" is not.

JMMH Addendum to Speculum Style Sheet

The basic style for JMMH volumes is the Speculum style as outlined on the Speculum style sheet, which should be referred to.

With the exception of the first style-point below (under “Bibliographic references”), all the points listed here are as given on the Speculum style sheet.

Bibliographic references

A. N. Other, ed., [spacing and use of points in names in which initials are used]

Title of Work: The Sub-Title [capitalisation as for English-language works; other standard rules apply for titles in other languages: see Speculum style sheet]

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Abbreviations used in bibliographic references

ed. eds.; ed. for edition; vol. vols.; no. 0 nos. 0-00; p. 0 pp. 000-00 [elide to tens]; n. 0 nn. 00-00.

repr. trans. rev.

Rochester, N.Y.; Washington, D.C.

Ibid. (if at start of sentence)/ibid.; Idem (if at start of sentence)/idem; et al.; passim (best not used extensively); op. cit. (but avoid using this; use author, short-title reference instead: see below under “Short references at subsequent citations”)

MS MSS; fol. 0, fols. 000r-000v

PL, MGH - but announce use of abbreviations for reference works: if a work is referred to frequently, give it in full at first instance with [hereafter XXX] appropriately placed to explain subsequent use of abbreviation XXX.

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Published volumes

Author’s name [as given on title-page, but note spacing of initials, above], Title of Published Volume (City/Town of publication, Date of publication), pp. 000-00

Name and Name, eds. and trans., Title (City, date), p.0. [Here eds. and trans. = editors and translators.]

. . . Title of Published Volume, 2nd ed. (Date, repr. City, Date), pp. 000-00, here 000

. . . Title of Published Volume, 4 vols. (City, Date), 2:45-48 [= volume 2, pp. 45-48 -
Don’t use Roman numeral for volume number; only use Roman numerals (i) for page numbers that are in Roman numerals, and (ii) where they occur in manuscript shelfmarks.] . . .

Title of Published Volume, ed. Name, 4 vols. (City, Date), 1:142 OR Name, ed., Title of Published Volume, 4 vols. (City, Date), 1:142

. . . Also acceptable where number of volumes is already given elsewhere (but avoid inconsistent style):
. . . Title of Published Volume, 2 (City, Date), p. 0, n. 0

. . .Title of Published Volume, Title of Series 0 (City, Date)

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Articles

Author’s name, “Article Title,” Journal Title 0 (Date), 000-00 [Don’t use p./pp. for articles published in journals when giving the full page range of the article]

. . . Journal Title, n.s. 0 (Date)

. . ., “Article Title,” in Title of Published Volume, ed. Name (City, Date), pp. 000-00

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Unpublished secondary works

Author’s name, “Title of Work” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Name of Institution, Date), p. 0

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Short references at subsequent citations

Author, Short Title, p. 0
Author, “Short Title,” pp. 000-00

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Manuscript references

Name of City/Town, Name of Library, MS Shelfmark, fols. 000r-000v

Spelling
Use American spellings (honor, armor, specialize, defense, maneuver, etc.)

Capitalization
King Henry, the king, the king of . . .
the earl of . . .
the bishop of . . .
the priory of . . .

the battle of . .
the siege of . . .

the church (building) but the Church (establishment)

the Treaty of . . .

The Middle Ages but medieval

the Bible but bibles, biblical

Dates
c. 0000, d. 0000, A.D. 0000, 1236-39 [elide to tens, but perhaps no elision in main headings]
14 August 1996
the twelfth century, twelfth-century castles

Numbers
two, forty-five, one hundred, 148, two hundred, 3,499, five thousand [but it may be more appropriate to use figures when listing a series of values]

one-third

£3 12s. 6d., £1,500 [for British money, but 3 l. 12s. 6d. for other money]; 5 km

Abbreviations
See also those listed under “Bibliographic references,” above.

St. Dr. Mr. [give a point after a contraction]
vol. trans. repr. [give a point after a truncation]
vols. eds. [give a point after plurals of truncations]

St. - but spell out in French place-names, and use hyphen: Saint-Denis

s.a. for sub anno, “under the year,” mainly used in citing Carolingian annals. Likewise s.v. is used for “under the word,” e.g. when citing a dictionary.

Quotations
No quotation marks around displayed (block) quotations, unless the quotation marks are part of the quotation.

Double quotation marks around all other quotations; single quotation marks around quotations within quotations.

Foreign-language quotations. All specific quotations must be enclosed in quotation marks (unless displayed). There is then no need for further distinction by use of italics. Put foreign-language quotations in normal type, either enclosed in quotation marks or displayed. (However, italics should be used, normally without quotation marks, for isolated single words in a foreign language, which can include single- (possibly double-) word expressions that are in general usage but that aren’t being referred to as specific quotation.)

Follow American punctuation style: periods (points) and commas go inside quotation marks even if not present in the original quotation; semicolons and colons go outside. Sentences should be separated by two spaces.

Foreign-language phrases

The principle that short phrases in foreign languages should be italicized if not enclosed in quotations does include common phrases such as sine qua non, ex post facto, Sturm und Drang etc. (Note that in German phrases, all nouns are capitalized.)